Resource Evaluation, Posada Verde,

Nicoya Highlands, Guanacaste, Costa Rica

For:  Julio Batista

Posada Verde S.A.

By:  Paul Collar

Osa Water Works, S.A.

December 14, 2008

INTRODUCTION

Posada Verde is a collection of farms comprising 1000 hectares in the mountains southwest of Santa Cruz, Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica.  The primary activity of these farms is reforestation, conservation, subsistence farming, animal husbandry, and to serve as a private retreat for the ownership.  These tracts are divided into two sections; of these, the 400-hectare Rio Tabaco section is the subject of this resource evaluation.  Reforestation efforts include the completed planting of around 800,000 native hardwood and fruit trees as well as teak and melina.  Economic incentives for the primary activities derive from governmental programs sponsored by Fonafifo and capitalized in part by domestic Costa Rican fuel tax and in part by foreign conservation organizations and private donations.

OBJECTIVES

Osa Water Works was hired to undertake a site survey of three portions of the Rio Tabaco tract of the Posada Verde project.  The objectives included both specific targets for each of the sites as summarized in subsequent sections and the general objectives of providing recommendations for improvements as possible in green-energy development, optimization of water resources for potable, irrigation, livestock, and hydroelectric water supply, telecommunications optimization, and general best environmental management practices.

METHODS

A site survey was undertaken in the company of the facility owner and Posada Verde staff on December 9, 2008.  A Casio digital altimeter was used to determine elevations, a Garmin GPSmap 76CX was used for determining locations and distances, and flow rates were either estimated or measured.  Water samples were collected at three sites and submitted to Laboratorios Aqylasa for analysis of major and minor ions, nutrients, total iron and manganese, and to Laboratiorios Biotrol for determination of fecal and total coliform bacteria levels.  Laboratory results were not ready in time for inclusion in this report and will be reported under separate cover.  Conventional standards of water and power supply and design were used in the recommendations made in this report.

STUDY AREA

Figure 1 is a scan of the topographic map that shows the terrain of the Rio Tabaco portion of the finca.  Superimposed upon the map is the approximate trace that was taken by car and on foot during the day of field investigations.  Three sites were visited and are shown in Figure 1 as Sites 1, 2, and 3.  The sections below summarize the activity and relevance of each site to the overall facility operations and specific and general objectives of the resource evaluation with respect to each site.

Figure 1.  Location of Posada Verde Rio Tabaco Sites 1, 2, and 3 and the track of the travels made by car and foot during the field survey of December 9, 2008, superimposed of the Cerro Brujo quadrangle.

Site 1

Site 1 is the location of the main farmhouse and is the operations center for the whole farm.  A caretaker family resides permanently at this location and provides support to workers that are temporarily assigned from outside locations.  Swine and foul are also raised here.  There are tree nurseries, a tilapia pond, a wildlife enclosure; a sawmill is located nearby and while inactive is expected to be reactivated in the near to mid future.  Site 1 is powered by a 1000-watt Bergey wind turbine, augmented by a 13-kilowatt diesel generator.  A hydroelectric generator was originally part of the power system but was retired following unsatisfactory turbine performance.  Actual power consumption onsite includes a conventional refrigerator, lights, fans, television, and occasional power tools.  The owner reports that the wind turbine adequately satisfies the power demand during the dry summer months.  During the rainy season, however, the wind falls and requires the use of the generator to sustain power demands.  Specific objectives for the Site 1 evaluation included the following:

1)     Recommendations for re-activation of hydroelectric capacity

2)     Recommendations for power and water supply to support greater occupancy and activities.

3)     Evaluation of existing water systems for quality, quantity, and operational recommendations.

4)     Evaluation of solar alternatives

5)     Telecommunications alternatives

Site 2

Casitas del Rio is a complex of four structures located along the Rio Terciopelo.  Two bunkhouses, a bathroom, and a kitchen/dining area are located alongside and overlooking the stream.  This site is used by the ownership for periodic visits and retreats to entertain family and friends.  Electrical power is currently restricted to 12-volt solar power that is supplied by a solar power kit rented from CoopeGuanacaste and provides basic needs of lighting and 12-volt fans only.  Potable water supply is derived from a nearby spring, the elevation of which is to low to sustain adequate water pressure for the facility.  A robust irrigation system is presently made possible by two storage tanks that are plumbed from a hill 15 meters above the Casitas complex to spigots on the facility grounds.  Water is pumped with a portable pump into the tanks from a very productive spring that that discharges downstream from the Casitas installations.  Objectives for Site 2 include the following:

1)     Evaluation of the spring used for irrigation water as a potential potable water supply.

2)     Recommendations for installation of a permanent potable water supply using this source

3)     Alternatives for power generation at Site 2

4)     Refrigeration alternatives

5)     Hot Water alternatives

6)     Telecommunications

Site 3

Located approximately 1 kilometer to the north of the main farmhouse, Site 3 is intended to be a primary location for livestock and subsistence farming activities.  A house is presently under construction and is intended for a ranch manager and his family.  A spring is located on the mountainside above the home site, and two 1100-liter tanks are deployed to provide water storage and water pressurization.  Objectives for Site 3 included the following

1)     Electrification alternatives for the house.

2)     Refrigeration options

3)     Evaluation of spring water quality and quantity

4)     Determination of alternatives for multiple use of the spring water (domestic potable and watering livestock)

5)     Telecommunications.

FINDINGS

General Determinations

Some findings apply to all three sites and are summarized in this section in an effort to avoid repetition.

Refrigeration.  Conventional 120-volt refrigerators and freezers typically use 800-1000 watts depending on the size and manufacture of the refrigerator.  This power consumption applies only when the compressor is running, and the amount of time the compressor runs varies as a function of the temperature difference between ambient temperature and the refrigeration temperature, efficiency of the refrigeration unit, and the number of times per hour or day that the refrigerator is opened.  Vertical refrigerators, while the most common configuration for ease of use, are not very environmentally friendly since cold air is dense and easily escapes a vertical refrigerator when the door is opened.  A good estimate for daily refrigeration demand is to assume 1000 watt power consumption for eight hours per day for a net power demand for a single refrigerator or freezer in the vicinity of 8 kilowatt hours.  DC-refrigeration is on average 20 times more efficient.  Conventional chest-style Sundanzer freezers have a consumption of 50 watts, which corresponds to an estimated 400 watt-hours per day per unit assuming the same usage criterion.   For homes powered with alternative energy, DC-refrigeration is always the most desirable alternative to preserve actual power capacity for other purposes.  While fossil fuel refrigeration is another alternative, the capital cost of the equipment is comparable if not somewhat more expensive than DC refrigeration, requires greater maintenance, and consumes a costly fuel, propane, which is a source of greenhouse gas emissions.  It is recommended that 12/24 Volt Sundanzer refrigerators/freezers be considered for all three sites visited.

Table 1.  Monthly service plans of I-Direct C-band satellite Internet service (first table) and Ku band service (second table).

Telecommunications.  In all three sites, cell service is reportedly spotty, though service can be obtained by finding a sweet spot, which may require climbing a hill or a tree.  Both analog and digital cell service is available in the general region, but neither of these cell phone signals are accessible from the physical installations except under propitious atmospheric circumstances.  In order to boost the reliability of cell service, it is recommended that a cell antenna be tested in each of the sites to determine if the reception can be boosted to an adequate level.  It is almost certain, based on the reports of the ownership and staff that antennas at Sites 1 and 3 will likely make cell service straightforward and reliable with nothing more than an antenna, perhaps de Casitas del Rio as well.  Antennas for analog and digital phone systems are different, as are the connections for different brands of phone.  Equipment costs are relatively modest, around $200, but they are very specific, so advance research is needed to determine exactly what type of antenna, cable, and connectors will be needed to do the antenna testing in hand.  It would seem reasonable that a single antenna be purchased to test this in the different sites (or perhaps an analog and GSM antenna to reflect different phones being used.  Based on success in testing, additional equipment can be secured to install permanently.

Satellite Internet connectivity is entirely reasonable for the facility and requires a relatively modes 100 watts of power to operate the satellite modem and an onsite wireless router to enable connectivity by laptops.  Broadband Internet service is readily useable for VOIP telephony, and with somewhat more costly and sophisticated wireless technology, it is possible to provide wireless coverage for most if not the entire finca, enabling wireless connectivity in different portions of the farm and a basis for internal communications, data-logging upload, and webcam installations as desired.  However, the costs of a satellite Internet installation are not trivial, so it is unlikely that a facility satellite internet capacity will be economically reasonable unless there are multiple use applications that justify the capital and operational costs.  At present the equipment and installation for C-band (less susceptible to interference by rain) carry one time capital costs of $3100 (1.2 meter dish) and $4600 (1.8 meter dish) and a monthly operating cost that varies according to the bandwidth desired, with monthly pricing shown in Table 1.  For Ku-band installations, the costs are somewhat lower, and an initial investment can be reduced by purchasing used equipment so that equipment and installation can be combined for as little as $2200.  The costs of providing regional wireless Internet to cover most if not the entire farm have not been pinpointed, but the cost for this equipment and its installation is expected to be in the vicinity of $3500 or so.

seem expensive, it is just as costly as electrical in terms of energy investment.  Beyond the energetic cost of heating water with natural gas, this method requires the shuttling of tanks of propane, introduces a potential fire hazard, and generates a greenhouse gas waste stream.  In the case of on-demand propane hot water heaters, these units are very sensitive to the inlet water pressure.  The ownership reports that the low pressure of the Casitas del Rio site has made it so that the water heaters deployed there do not work very well.  Passive solar hot water heaters are very practical alternatives in tropical climates and are expected to be able to provide hot water to all three sites as desired and for a relatively modest capital costs.  Whereas fancy manufactured units (ProgressivTube, shown above) are available for around $2000 in the United States, variants can also be made from locally available materials for a third of the cost.  Passive hot water heating is practical for all cases except for early morning showers, in which case the stored water will not be as hot due to cooling during the evening. 

them, an operational strategy that would depend on reducing packaging materials and eliminating the use of all plastics that can be reasonably eliminated.  Substitution of hydroelectric capacity at Site 1 and a solar pump at site 2 will eliminate the need for diesel power generation and gasoline powered pumping and eliminate these gaseous waste streams.

not appropriate for the more robust power needs of the home under construction at Site 3.  The leased panels are also not adequate to provide refrigeration at Site 2, at least not without expansion or replacement of the existing most basic of all power kits.  While it is tempting to retain the existing systems with the idea of simply adding panels and perhaps battery capacity and possibly an inverter, this is not a practical approach for the following reasons:

1)     Panels of different capacities require different controllers, so to add new panels means adding a new controller anyway.

2)     It is not recommended to add new batteries to old batteries, as the old batteries will degrade the new ones and bring the whole battery bank to the least common denominator.

3)     All of the Coopeguanacaste equipment is basic and of relatively low quality and capacity, so adding new good equipment to existing rented old equipment is beyond a reasonable point of diminishing returns.

Unless the ownership seeks to restrict power supply for the exclusive purpose of lighting and occasional fans, it would appear reasonable to return this rented equipment and develop stand-alone power capacity with purchased equipment that is wholly owned at both Sites 2 and 3.

Site One Findings and Analysis

Figure 2 is a Google screen shot of the periphery of Site 1 containing the potable, hydroelectric, and irrigation water works installations.  Superimposed on the screenshot are waypoints measured by GPS of key facility locations, each labeled.  The energy profile and conceptual diagram of the existing water works are given in Figure 3. 

Power Supply and Demand

Site 1 is presently electrified with a 1-kilowatt wind turbine and a diesel generator.  Hydroelectric was originally installed, but the turbine employed never worked properly, and this energy module has been removed.  A 24-volt Outback inverter, an Outback MX-60 charge controller, and a wind power controller comprise the electronics of the power system.  Twelve Trojan 105 amp-hour batteries are configured in three parallel series of four, providing a battery- bank capacity  of  315  amp  hours.    An  airborne  heating

Figure 2.  Plan view of the water works of Site 1, including the irrigation/hydroelectric surface water supply and the separate potable spring water supply systems.  Screenshot captured from Google Earth; flags represent GPS waypoints measured during the field survey.

Figure 3.  Conceptual diagram of existing Site 1 water works, showing pipeline characteristics and relative elevations of key elements discussed in the body of this report.

element is deployed to dissipate heat when wind power generation exceeds demand and excess power generation must be diverted to avoid overheating the batteries.  While wind power is adequate during the summer months, the wind dies down in the rainy season and the wind turbine is unable to satisfy power demands year round. 

The hydroelectric/irrigation pipeline is about 840 meters in length and two inches in diameter.  At a flow rate of 35 gallons per minute, the head loss through the length of pipe is estimated to be 61 feet.  With a net operating head of 113 feet, a flow rate of 35 gpm presupposes a hydroelectric potential of 356 watts.  Across a 24 hour period this corresponds to a charging source of 8.5 kilowatt-hours.  If we assume 800 watts of power consumption for the small AC-powered refrigerator in place and an eight hour daily compressor duty, the power left over for other appliances, including lights, fans, and miscellaneous appliances is only 2.1 kilowatt-hours.  If the existing refrigerator is replaced with a set of two Sundanzer 8.1 cubic foot chest model refrigerator and freezer, the power demand for both units is expected to be right around 900 watt-hours per day.  This leaves 7.5 kilowatt-hours per day for other uses, a considerably more robust power alternative than if the existing refrigerator is left in place.

The seasonal implications of restoring hydroelectric capacity is that the diesel generator would not ever be required except during periods of unusual power demands derived from power tool usage or other unusual circumstances.  The hydroelectric capacity is adequate to provide the facility with its full power supply in the absence of wind, so that during the rainy season, when wind power is reduced, the facility can be fully powered by hydroelectric.  In the dry season, when the wind turbine is adequate to supply the needs of the farmhouse, the 35 gpm hydroelectric flow can be diverted for irrigation and livestock watering.

Barring the addition of dramatic new power demands, it is unlikely that the operations of Site One will ever exceed the hydroelectric capacity of the existing water works, provided that the existing refrigeration is switched out for DC refrigeration.  Therefore, supplemental solar panels as an additional charging source are not expected to ever be needed.  In fact it is quite likely that the combination of wind and hydroelectric is likely to result in more power than can be reasonably consumed, barring the addition of new operational modalities at Site 1 and greater power demands.  Therefore it is likely that the water flow rate will be regularly adjusted below its maximum flow rate to reduce the amount of hydro power, since everything generated in excess of demands must be burned off as heat to avoid boiling the battery water.

Water supply and demand

Staff at Posada Verde confirm that the Quebrada Macho sustains a flow rate at all times of year adequate to provide consistent flow through the existing irrigation / hydroelectric pipeline.  The power of gravity is expected to result in a flow rate through the 2” pipeline of 35-45 gpm.  Assuming 40 gallons per minute of continuous flow (different from the 35 gpm used for hydroelectric because of differing nozzle characteristics and also differing economics associated with head losses) presupposes a daily volume of summertime irrigation water of nearly 60,000 gallons.  Since none of this is needed for power supply during the dry season when wind provides adequate power with the turbine, all of this water can be dedicated to alternative ends, such as irrigation and livestock watering.

In addition, the potable water supply exceeds the actual facility needs.  If we assume a conservative 50 gallons per day per person and an occupancy of seven full time residents at site one, this amounts to a daily potable water demand of 750 gallons, or 0.53 gallons per minute.  A flow rate of 4.0 gallons per minute was measured at the spring.  This means that at the exaggerated occupancy and usage rate allocation, there remains 3.5 gallons per minute of spring water that can be destined for alternative uses.  This amounts to 5000 gallons of supplemental water in every 24-hour period.

Therefore, Site 1 has access in the driest summer months to 65,000 gallons of water every day for use as irrigation and to water livestock.

A budgetary estimate of the work required to implement the recommendations is approximated in Table 2.

Table 2.  Cost estimation of Site 1 recommended additions.

Site Two Findings and Analysis

Water Supply

A spring at site 2 provides a year-round discharge of water that forms the headwaters of a tiny tributary stream of the Terciopelo River, located just 30 meters away from the spring head.  The spring is about 5 meters lower than the Casita del Rio kitchen facilities and has a robust discharge that was not estimated but clearly exceeds all imaginable potable and irrigation needs for the Casitas del Rio installations at all times of year, a prodigious water source.  Water is presently pumped from a rustic wooden catchment only 15 meters or so from the beginning of the seep as needed to tanks located on a hill between the spring and the casita facilities.  A gasoline pump is deployed each time the tanks are to be filled.  Two 1100-liter tanks 15 meters above the facility provide irrigation water for the grounds.  Potable water for the Casitas del Rio complex is obtained from another nearby spring but one that does not have an elevation sufficient to provide adequate facility water pressure.

Water pressure of the irrigation water supply, on the other hand, was palpable in the spigots, and entirely reasonable for domestic water supply.  The fifteen meters of head provides a theoretical static pressure of 21 psi, fully half of the standard US residential water pressure of 40 psi, two times the water pressure of the town I live in, Puerto Jimenez.  It is certainly reasonable for the facility in question.

A water sample collected and submitted for analysis will provide greater definition, but it is expected that this spring will represent an excellent source of abundant high-quality water.  With the installation of a well-built and hydraulically isolated spring box, it is expected that the current irrigation water supply can be plumbed to the kitchen and used without any additional treatment.

A solar pump will be required for this purpose, capable of a delivery of 1-2 gpm and directly powered by the photovoltaic direct current of a single solar panel, which presumes the capacity for delivery of about 600 gallons per day.  In instances of great water application, as in periods of intense irrigation, a portable pump can be used to fill the tanks more quickly as desired.  The water storage, piping, and distribution system for this proposed system are all already in place for this system, so the only elements that would need to be added include the following:

1)     a spring box constructed of concrete and designed to capture the spring flow in hydraulic isolation from the ground surface.  This structure should be designed with an overflow wier for routine discharge and a collection basin in which a pump can be permanently housed.

2)     Deployment of a small solar pump and the smallest sized solar panel needed to drive the pump. 

Figure 4.

Power Supply and Refrigeration

The small array of rented Coopeguanacaste solar equipment is not expected to be adequate for both refrigeration and the existing lighting and fan needs at Casitas del Rio.  Since the facility is used as a retreat and is not intended for full occupancy, it would appear reasonable in the name of capital economy to preserve the facility electrification as 12 volt.  Clearly, for ease of use, the optimal power alternative is to include a power inversion system and 120-volt internal wiring and capacitation.  Arguably the most practical upgrade to provide 12-volt refrigeration and enough power for lighting and occasional DC and light AC loads is a system consisting of a single 208 watt solar panel, a single 12-volt deep cycle battery, a charge controller, and 12-volt fixtures.  In the event that 120-volt appliances might occasionally be used, it may be worthwhile to procure a small 500 watt inverter that can be plugged into a 12-volt fixture as needed for periodic AC power usage.  The most basic system is costed and detailed in Table 3.

Table 3.  Budget for stripped-down DC power supply at Site 2 Casitas del Rio.

Hot Water

With the normalization of domestic pressure to 20 psi estimated by converting the irrigation water supply to a dual-use potable / irrigation water supply, it is expected that the existing on-demand propane water heaters will function much more effectively.  While it is reasonable to install a passive solar hot water heater and eliminate future fossil fuel dependence, the infrequency of use of the Casitas del Rio may make this a capital investment that is not worth the modest operational savings, since the propane water heaters are already in place.

Site Three Findings and Analysis

Water supply

Therefore, even with generous potable water allocation, 94% of the Site 3 measured spring flow is expected to be available for diversion for alternate uses, like the watering of livestock and for irrigation.    Abstracting the potable water allocation, the spring provides a volume of 3000 gallons per day that can be used for livestock and gardening.  Using a conservative 50 gallons per day allocation for each head of cattle, the non-potable surplus water from the spring is adequate to support 60 head of cattle, somewhat in excess of the existing herd of 35, leaving water left over for other livestock or perhaps light irrigation of garden plants.

Home Electrification

The rural electrification program sponsored by CoopeGuanacaste provides rental of solar equipment for modest monthly rates and is an impressive governmental resource to provide basic services to remote outposts of the country where grid power has not yet been extended.  Yet the small panels provided and the minimalist infrastructure of batteries, panel, and controller is good in practice only for illumination, fans, and occasional use of AC appliances for those homeowners that own a small portable inverter.  It is the most basic of possible power cells.  While better than nothing, it stumbles at the comparisons to privately capitalized alternatives.

Whereas the Site 2 Casitas del Rio is a location where occasional and even then only recreational occupancy may make 12-volt power supply entirely practical, the house under construction at Site 3 will be much more practical with a solar power system that includes an inverter and the capacity to use conventional appliances.  Table 4 is an estimation of basic house outfitting based on projections of power demands.  Presuming an average daily insolation period of eight hours, two 200-watt panels provide 3.2 kilowatt hours of daily power, enough to provide 12-volt refrigeration, lights, fans, television, stereo and occasional use of tools or miscellaneous other electrical appliances.

Table 4.  Budget for basic power supply for Site 3 residential dwelling.

However, such a system presupposes a capital cost of around $12,000 (Table 3).  For the price of such a solar system, the same money would pay for 185 years of solar equipment rental from the cooperative (at a rate of C3000 per month fees).  The ownership is faced with a decision as to whether the Site 3 household is to be a lights-and-fan location without refrigeration in which case the Coopeguanacaste alternative is clearly the economically favored alternative, or whether this location is to have basic conventional electrical functionality and refrigeration, in which case the ownership will face a $12,000 capital obligation.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In this section are a summary of recommendations for procurement and installation.

1)     Purchase 3 12/24 volt 8.1 cubic foot chest style Sundanzer refrigerators for deployment at each of the three sites surveyed and a freezer for Site 1.

2)     Purchase a single cell antenna, cable, and connections to test installations at the sites where consistent cellular telephone reception is desired and follow up with additional purchases according to the testing with the initial set.

3)     Purchase and install a 24-volt two-nozzle Harris hydroelectric turbine and fabricate the two-nozzle manifold and install the system in the turbine housing already in place at Site 1.

4)     Purchase a solar pump and panel to drive it for conversion of Site 2 irrigation water supply into a dual-use potable / irrigation system.

5)     Have staff construct a spring box at the Site 2 spring according to recommendations provided by Osa Water Works

6)     Install and configure solar pump at Site 2.

7)     Purchase single 208 watt solar panel, battery, and charge controller to replace rented solar system at Site 2 and install along with new DC solar refrigerator.

8)     Purchase and install a basic solar power system for the Site 3 home.

9)     Depending on how the Site 3 spring water is to be employed, it may be reasonable to increase storage capacity, a decision which would most reasonably be predicated on actual operational needs for the water.  If adjustment to the existing tanks is to be made, it may be worthwhile to move them to a place lower on the hill to reduce the pressure of the water provided, which is more than is needed for routine residential needs and will result in needless wastage of water during routine activities.

BUDGET

All equipment supplied by Osa Water Works is procured for each project from the United States.  OWW is able to procure this equipment for cost of the equipment plus shipping costs plus 28%, which includes a 13% allocation to pay for Costa Rican sales taxes and a 15% procurement margin that includes transport and importation services, except for small orders when additional fees may apply.  OWW is able to work for either a fixed contract on installation or on a cost plus 20% basis.  Anticipated costs are projected in Table XXX, which must perforce be considered an estimate at this point.  If the ownership wishes to further define costs of part or all of the summary recommendations, then OWW shall prepare upon request a second detailed bid based on updated pricing following negotiations for volume discounts and discounted shipping costs to ensure that the equipment is sourced at the lowest possible market price.

TIME FRAME AND INSTALLATION DETAILS

There is normally an eight-week manufacturing period required for Harris hydroelectric orders.  Other than the Pelton wheel, all other recommended components should be available, certainly within the delivery margin inadvertently allowed by the Pelton delivery lead time.  It will be least expensive and most reasonable to consolidate all procured materials within the same shipment.  Following consolidation of the entire shipment in Miami, it normally takes 2-3 weeks to take delivery in Costa Rica.  Installation of all recommended systems in the three sites at Posada Verde is expected to take no longer than one week.  Barring the unexpected availability of a Harris wheel earlier than expected, agreement upon an installation package in December would likely presuppose an installation during the third or fourth week of March.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Osa Water Works will require a deposit sufficient to cover the full purchase cost of all the equipment, shipping, and Costa Rican taxes.  Upon release from customs, a milestone payment of the balance of the procurement fee and a deposit toward the installation will be required to enable us to mobilize a crew for the installation.  The balance of payment (around 10-15% of total amount) will be expected upon completion of the contracted work to the order’s satisfaction.  In order to exclude fees for meals and lodging from an installation bid, we would ask that Posada Verde provide the installation crew (4 persons) with meals and lodging as available, though we can bring tents and bedding to camp onsite as needed, so long as we can count on hot meals from onsite staff while we are working.

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